German pronouns and the n-declension
Level A1–B1
The personal pronoun table in three cases, and the masculine nouns that add -en in every case but the nominative.
Two small closed lists. Both are used constantly, both are quick to state, and both produce errors that native speakers visibly notice.
Personal pronouns
| Nom | ich | du | er | sie | es | wir | ihr | sie / Sie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akk | mich | dich | ihn | sie | es | uns | euch | sie / Sie |
| Dat | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen / Ihnen |
Three things to notice:
- wir, ihr and Sie never change between accusative and dative. Three of eight forms are free.
- er → ihn in the accusative is the pronoun equivalent of der → den, and it is the most common pronoun error.
- ihm is the dative of both er and es. Context decides.
Used with the dative verbs on cases and articles (*Das gefällt mir, ich helfe dir*) and with every preposition according to its case (*für mich, mit dir, ohne ihn*).
The n-declension (schwache Nomen)
A group of masculine nouns that add -(e)n in every case except the nominative singular. Missing this produces "Ich sehe den Student" — one of the most common intermediate errors, and one that gets noticed.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom | der Student | die Studenten |
| Akk | den Studenten | die Studenten |
| Dat | dem Studenten | den Studenten |
| Gen | des Studenten | der Studenten |
Who belongs to the group:
- Masculine nouns ending in -e that mean a person or an animal: der Junge, der Kunde, der Kollege, der Neffe, der Löwe, der Affe, der Franzose
- Masculine nouns ending in -ent, -ant, -ist, -oge, -at, -graph: der Student, der Praktikant, der Polizist, der Biologe, der Soldat, der Diplomat
- A short list of leftovers: der Herr, der Mensch, der Nachbar, der Bauer, der Held, der Bär
der Name is a hybrid — den Namen, dem Namen, but genitive *des Namens*. Same for der Gedanke, der Glaube, der Wille and das Herz.
Note the overlap with noun gender: these are exactly the masculine nouns in -e that make "-e means feminine" a bad rule.
The other sheets
- Sheet 1 · A1–B1German cases and article declensionThe four cases and how to find them, the article tables, the three facts that carry most of the weight, and the dative verbs that catch English speakers.Read the sheet
- Sheet 2 · A1–B2German word orderVerb second, the sentence bracket, verb last in subordinate clauses, TeKaMoLo, two objects, and where nicht goes.Read the sheet
- Sheet 3 · A1–A2haben or sein in the PerfektA short closed rule: which verbs take sein, why everything else takes haben, and the one overlap that flips.Read the sheet
- Sheet 4 · A2–B1German adjective endingsWeak, mixed and strong on one page, plus the one rule underneath all three tables.Read the sheet
- Sheet 5 · A1–B1German prepositions by caseAccusative, dative, genitive and the two-way prepositions, with the Wohin/Wo test and the contractions you see everywhere.Read the sheet
- Sheet 6 · A1–B1German verb conjugationPresent tense, stem changes, the irregular four, the modals, the strong verbs worth memorising, the Partizip II and the Präteritum.Read the sheet
- Sheet 7 · A1–B1German noun gender by endingThe compound rule, the endings that are safe to bet on, the tendencies, and an honest note on how much they actually cover.Read the sheet