haben or sein in the Perfekt
Level A1–A2
A short closed rule: which verbs take sein, why everything else takes haben, and the one overlap that flips.
The best return of the whole set: a small closed rule that removes an entire error class in one page.
Most verbs take haben. Learn the sein list instead — it is short and defined by meaning.
Use sein when the verb means
1. Movement from one place to another
gehen, kommen, fahren, fliegen, laufen, rennen, reisen, schwimmen, steigen, springen, fallen, wandern, umziehen
Ich bin nach Hause gegangen. Wir sind nach Italien geflogen.
2. A change of state — becoming something you were not
aufstehen, aufwachen, einschlafen, sterben, wachsen, werden, passieren, geschehen, explodieren, schmelzen, ertrinken
Er ist um sechs aufgestanden. Was ist passiert?
3. Three verbs that simply take sein
sein, bleiben, werden
Ich bin in Berlin gewesen. Wir sind zu Hause geblieben. Sie ist Ärztin geworden.
Everything else takes haben
Including two groups that catch people out:
- Every reflexive verb, always: Ich habe mich gewaschen — never bin.
- Every verb with an accusative object, always.
The rule that resolves the overlap
If a movement verb takes a direct object, it flips to haben:
| sein — no object | haben — with an object |
|---|---|
| Ich bin nach Berlin gefahren. | Ich habe das Auto gefahren. |
| Wir sind geflogen. | Der Pilot hat die Maschine geflogen. |
Same verb, different auxiliary, decided by whether there is an object.
One regional note, so nobody thinks they have found an error
With stehen, sitzen and liegen, northern Germany says ich habe gestanden / gesessen / gelegen; southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland say ich bin gestanden / gesessen / gelegen. Both are accepted. Learn one, expect to hear the other.
The other sheets
- Sheet 1 · A1–B1German cases and article declensionThe four cases and how to find them, the article tables, the three facts that carry most of the weight, and the dative verbs that catch English speakers.Read the sheet
- Sheet 2 · A1–B2German word orderVerb second, the sentence bracket, verb last in subordinate clauses, TeKaMoLo, two objects, and where nicht goes.Read the sheet
- Sheet 4 · A2–B1German adjective endingsWeak, mixed and strong on one page, plus the one rule underneath all three tables.Read the sheet
- Sheet 5 · A1–B1German prepositions by caseAccusative, dative, genitive and the two-way prepositions, with the Wohin/Wo test and the contractions you see everywhere.Read the sheet
- Sheet 6 · A1–B1German verb conjugationPresent tense, stem changes, the irregular four, the modals, the strong verbs worth memorising, the Partizip II and the Präteritum.Read the sheet
- Sheet 7 · A1–B1German noun gender by endingThe compound rule, the endings that are safe to bet on, the tendencies, and an honest note on how much they actually cover.Read the sheet
- Sheet 8 · A1–B1German pronouns and the n-declensionThe personal pronoun table in three cases, and the masculine nouns that add -en in every case but the nominative.Read the sheet