German noun gender by ending
Level A1–B1
The endings that tell you der, das or die, the compound rule, and the nouns where the ending misleads.
Nomen mit Artikel und Plural (A1)
how course books and dictionaries list a noun
| In the word list | Plural | What the sign means |
|---|---|---|
| der Tisch, -e | die Tische | add -e |
| die Lampe, -n | die Lampen | add -n |
| das Buch, ¨-er | die Bücher | umlaut on the vowel, and add -er |
| der Apfel, ¨- | die Äpfel | umlaut only |
| der Lehrer, - | die Lehrer | no change |
| das Auto, -s | die Autos | add -s |
In the Nominativ the plural article is always die. Learn every noun with its article and its plural, the way the word list shows it.
Der, das oder die? (A1–A2)
endings that are always or almost always right
der
| -er people | der Lehrer |
| -ling | der Frühling |
| -ismus | der Tourismus |
| -ist | der Polizist |
| -ent, -ant people | der Student |
das
| -chen | das Brötchen |
| -lein | das Büchlein |
| -ment | das Dokument |
| -um Latin | das Museum |
| infinitive | das Essen |
die
| -ung | die Wohnung |
| -heit, -keit | die Gesundheit |
| -schaft | die Freundschaft |
| -ion, -tät | die Information |
| -in women | die Ärztin |
By meaning: men, days, months and seasons are der (der Vater, der Montag, der Mai, der Sommer). Women are die (die Mutter, die Frau). Exceptions to the table: der Moment, der Reichtum.
Typical mistakes (A1–A2)
| Not | But | Why |
|---|---|---|
| die Zeitung | -ung is always die. | |
| das Mädchen | -chen is always das, even for people. | |
| die Haustür | The last word decides: die Tür. | |
| zwei Lehrer | -s is only for some words, like Autos. |
Komposita (A1–A2)
the last word decides
| Parts | Compound | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| das Haus + die Tür | die Haustür | die Haustüren |
| die Arbeit + der Platz | der Arbeitsplatz | die Arbeitsplätze |
| die Bahn + der Hof | der Bahnhof | die Bahnhöfe |
| der Wein + das Glas | das Weinglas | die Weingläser |
The last word gives the article and the plural. This works for long words you have never seen: die Krankenversicherungskarte is die because of die Karte.
Pluralformen (A2)
which plural goes with which kind of noun
| Plural | Mostly for | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -e (¨) | der and das nouns | der Tisch → die Tische, der Stuhl → die Stühle |
| -(e)n | most die nouns | die Frau → die Frauen, die Lampe → die Lampen |
| -er (¨) | short das nouns | das Kind → die Kinder, das Haus → die Häuser |
| – (¨) | der/das nouns in -er, -el, -chen | der Lehrer → die Lehrer, der Vater → die Väter |
| -s | words in -a, -i, -o, -u, -y | das Handy → die Handys, das Auto → die Autos |
Women in -in double the n: die Lehrerin → die Lehrerinnen. In the Dativ Plural the noun adds -n: mit den Kindern (cases and articles).
Two endings to be careful with (A2)
- -e (usually die, not always): Most nouns in -e are die: die Lampe, die Straße, die Woche. But der Name, der Junge, der Kollege, der Kunde (pronouns and the n-declension), and das Ende, das Auge.
- -er (der for people and machines): der Lehrer, der Fahrer, der Drucker are der because they are people or machines that do something. Other nouns in -er can be any gender: das Fenster, das Zimmer, die Butter, der Keller.
Short everyday nouns have no rule: der Tisch, das Bett, die Hand. Many course books mark der blue, das green and die red. Using the same colours in your own notes helps.
The other sheets
- Sheet 1 · A1–B1German cases and article declensionNominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ and Genitiv: the article tables, three rules to learn, verbs with Dativ, and the mistakes learners make most often.Read the sheet
- Sheet 2 · A1–B1German word orderPosition 2, Satzklammer, Konnektoren, the Nebensatz, the order in the Mittelfeld, and where nicht goes.Read the sheet
- Sheet 3 · A1–B1haben or sein in the PerfektHow the Perfekt is built, how to form the Partizip II, and which verbs take sein, with the mistakes learners make most often.Read the sheet
- Sheet 4 · A2–B1German adjective endingsAdjective endings after der, after ein and with no article, with the mistakes learners make most often.Read the sheet
- Sheet 5 · A1–B1German prepositions by caseWhich case follows each preposition, prepositions for time and place, Wechselpräpositionen, and the common short forms.Read the sheet
- Sheet 6 · A1–B1German verb conjugationPräsens, vowel changes, modal verbs, separable verbs, Imperativ, Präteritum and a list of 60 irregular verbs.Read the sheet
- Sheet 8 · A1–B1German pronouns and the n-declensionPersonal pronouns, possessive articles, reflexive pronouns and the n-Deklination, with the mistakes learners make most often.Read the sheet