German cases and article declension
Nivel A1–B1
The four cases and how to find them, the article tables, the three facts that carry most of the weight, and the dative verbs that catch English speakers.
The root dependency for almost everything else on these sheets.
The four cases and how to find them
| Case | Question | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | wer? was? | the subject — who is doing it |
| Accusative | wen? was? | the direct object — who it is done to |
| Dative | wem? | the indirect object — who it is done for or to |
| Genitive | wessen? | possession — whose |
Definite article
| masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom | der | die | das | die |
| Akk | den | die | das | die |
| Dat | dem | der | dem | den + -n |
| Gen | des + -s | der | des + -s | der |
Indefinite article, kein and possessives
| masculine | feminine | neuter | plural (kein/mein) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom | ein | eine | ein | keine |
| Akk | einen | eine | ein | keine |
| Dat | einem | einer | einem | keinen + -n |
| Gen | eines + -s | einer | eines + -s | keiner |
The three facts that carry most of the weight
- Only masculine changes in the accusative. der → den, ein → einen. Feminine, neuter and plural are identical to the nominative. Most beginner case errors are this one box.
- Dative plural adds -n to the noun itself: *mit den Kindern, mit den Freunden* — unless the plural already ends in -n or -s (mit den Autos).
- Genitive masculine and neuter add -s or -es to the noun: des Mannes, des Kindes.
Relative pronouns — the same table, three changes
| masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom | der | die | das | die |
| Akk | den | die | das | die |
| Dat | dem | der | dem | denen |
| Gen | dessen | deren | dessen | deren |
A relative pronoun is just the definite article, except that the dative plural is denen and the whole genitive row is dessen/deren. Learn the three exceptions, not a second table.
Der Mann, der dort steht… / Der Mann, den ich kenne… / Der Mann, dem ich geholfen habe…
The case comes from the relative clause, not from the main clause. And the clause is subordinate, so the verb goes last (word order).
When to use dative — the parts that are not obvious
After these prepositions, always: aus, außer, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenüber, ab.
After these verbs, where English uses a direct object — which is exactly why the error is so easy to make:
| helfen | Ich helfe dir. |
| danken | Ich danke Ihnen. |
| gefallen | Das Buch gefällt mir. |
| gehören | Das gehört meinem Bruder. |
| antworten | Er antwortet der Lehrerin. |
| folgen | Folgen Sie mir. |
| glauben | Ich glaube dir. |
| passen | Das passt mir nicht. |
| schmecken | Es schmeckt den Kindern. |
| begegnen | Ich bin ihm begegnet. |
| gratulieren | Wir gratulieren dir. |
After sein, werden and bleiben the case stays nominative, not accusative: Er ist ein guter Lehrer — never einen.
Genitive in practice
Written German uses the genitive after während, wegen, trotz, (an)statt, innerhalb, außerhalb. In speech people very often use the dative instead (wegen dem Wetter). Write the genitive, expect the dative.
Las otras hojas
- Hoja 2 · A1–B2German word orderVerb second, the sentence bracket, verb last in subordinate clauses, TeKaMoLo, two objects, and where nicht goes.Leer la hoja
- Hoja 3 · A1–A2haben or sein in the PerfektA short closed rule: which verbs take sein, why everything else takes haben, and the one overlap that flips.Leer la hoja
- Hoja 4 · A2–B1German adjective endingsWeak, mixed and strong on one page, plus the one rule underneath all three tables.Leer la hoja
- Hoja 5 · A1–B1German prepositions by caseAccusative, dative, genitive and the two-way prepositions, with the Wohin/Wo test and the contractions you see everywhere.Leer la hoja
- Hoja 6 · A1–B1German verb conjugationPresent tense, stem changes, the irregular four, the modals, the strong verbs worth memorising, the Partizip II and the Präteritum.Leer la hoja
- Hoja 7 · A1–B1German noun gender by endingThe compound rule, the endings that are safe to bet on, the tendencies, and an honest note on how much they actually cover.Leer la hoja
- Hoja 8 · A1–B1German pronouns and the n-declensionThe personal pronoun table in three cases, and the masculine nouns that add -en in every case but the nominative.Leer la hoja